11/15/2023 0 Comments 1 to 12 spelling![]() ![]() French rectifications orthographiques of 1990.Įnglish-language spelling reform proposals have been regularly made since the 16th century, but have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by Noah Webster having contributed to American and British English spelling differences.In countries or regions where there is an authoritative language academy, such as France, the Netherlands, and the German-speaking areas, reforms are regularly made so that spelling better matches the changing pronunciation. Therefore, normative spelling is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries (in many languages, special spelling dictionaries, also called orthographic dictionaries, are compiled, showing prescribed spelling of words but not their meanings), the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including widespread education and literacy, and often does not apply to minority and regional languages. Languages with established orthography are those languages that enjoy an official status and a degree of institutional support in a country. Standardization of spelling is connected with the development of writing and the establishment of modern standard dialects. In addition, words from other languages may be adopted without being adapted to the spelling system, and different meanings of a word or homophones may be deliberately spelled in different ways to differentiate them visually. This is true for various reasons, including that pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spellings as visual norms may resist change. They remain largely reflective of the sounds, although fully phonemic spelling is an ideal that most languages' orthographies only approximate, some more closely than others. Spellings originated as transcriptions of the sounds of spoken language according to the alphabetic principle. Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element. ![]() In other words, spelling is the rendering of speech sound (phoneme) into writing (grapheme). Spelling is a set of conventions that regulate the way of using graphemes (writing system) to represent a language in its written form. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. We have a version of this numbers chart for French Teachers.This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Throughout this course we will use the standard French numbers. So in these areas, 73 is septante-trois, 85 is huitante-cinq and 96 is nonante-six etc. ![]() In the French-speaking parts of Belgium and Switzerland they have their own separate words for 70, 80 and 90. Isn’t that easy! □ Another way of saying 70, 80 and 90 in French
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